As a woodworking enthusiast, finding the right bench elevates your craft. Consider the BLACK+DECKER Portable Workbench. Its One-Handed Clamp™ system and 550 lb capacity bring convenience and strength. The Windsor Design Workbench boasts a 60' hardwood surface with three drawers for organization. For a sturdy choice, the Olympia Tools Acacia Hardwood Workbench supports 330 lbs. The Worx Pegasus 2-in-1 Folding Work Table's versatility shines with a robust design. Additional options like Milescraft 1600 TriGrips and RUITOOL Bench Dog Clamp offer extra support for woodworking projects. Each bench has unique features to enhance your workshop; explore more for your next project.
Key Takeaways
- Choose a sturdy workbench with ample workspace and adjustable features.
- Prioritize durability, stability, and weight capacity for safe woodworking.
- Consider the material for grip, support, and ease of maintenance.
- Evaluate the bench's functionality, size, and additional storage options.
- Compare prices, value, and quality to find the best woodworking bench for your needs.
BLACK+DECKER Portable Workbench (WM425-A)
For craftsman looking for a versatile and sturdy workbench, the BLACK+DECKER Portable Workbench (WM425-A) offers a portable solution with a 550 lb capacity and innovative One-Handed Clamp™ system.
This iconic Workmate WM425-A serves as both a portable project center and a vise, ideal for clamping, painting, cutting, and various other tasks. Constructed with a heavy gauge steel frame and a bamboo laminate worktop, this workbench isn't only rugged but also easy to set up, break down, and store away conveniently.
With features like adjustable jaws, vertical clamping, and four adjustable swivel pegs, clamping odd-shaped objects becomes a breeze. The bench's dimensions of 28.86D x 30.3W x 31.2H provide ample workspace, making it a practical addition to any workshop.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and craftsmen seeking a versatile and sturdy workbench for clamping, painting, cutting, and various projects.
Pros:
- Portable design for easy setup, breakdown, and storage.
- Innovative One-Handed Clamp™ system for convenient operation.
- Sturdy construction with a 550 lb capacity, adjustable jaws, and four swivel pegs for versatile clamping.
Cons:
- Some users reported issues with legs unlocking or folding under during setup.
- Assembly challenges and concerns about build quality were mentioned by a few users.
- Specific design flaws and difficulties with assembly instructions were highlighted as drawbacks.
Windsor Design Workbench with 3 Drawers, 60 Hardwood Surface
Craftsmen seeking a sturdy and versatile workbench will find the Windsor Design Workbench with 3 Drawers and a 60' Hardwood Surface an ideal choice. This workbench, made of hardwood with a lacquered finish, offers a spacious 60'L x 20-1/8'W tabletop supported by a lower shelf measuring 47-1/4'L x 14-3/4'W x 2-1/2'H.
It features three felt-lined drawers, each measuring 21'W x 12-3/4'D x 3'H, providing convenient storage for tools and materials. The wood block vise with adjustable machined guides offers a vise capacity of 7'. With a load capacity of 250 pounds on the top surface and 25 pounds in each drawer, this workbench is both sturdy and functional.
The Windsor Design Workbench also comes with clear assembly instructions and has received positive feedback from customers, making it a reliable choice for woodworking projects.
Best For: Craftsmen and DIY enthusiasts looking for a sturdy and versatile workbench with ample storage and a reliable vise for woodworking projects.
Pros:
- Spacious 60' hardwood surface with a load capacity of 250 pounds.
- Three felt-lined drawers for convenient tool and material storage.
- Adjustable wood block vise with a capacity of 7'.
Cons:
- Limited drawer weight capacity of 25 pounds each.
- May require additional protective measures for long-term durability.
- Tools sold separately, adding to the overall cost.
Olympia Tools Acacia Hardwood Workbench with Drawer
With its sturdy acacia wood construction and ample storage space, this workbench is ideal for woodworking enthusiasts seeking a reliable and versatile workspace for their projects.
The Olympia Tools Acacia Hardwood Workbench with Drawer is made of durable acacia wood with a varnish finish, offering a professional-quality design for woodworkers. Measuring 50 inches in depth, 19.7 inches in width, and 33.9 inches in height, this workbench provides a spacious work surface for various woodworking tasks.
It can support up to 330 pounds, making it suitable for heavy-duty projects. The included drawers and shelves offer convenient storage solutions for tools and materials, enhancing organization in your workshop.
While some users have reported quality concerns and assembly difficulties, the overall feedback highlights the workbench's sturdy construction and functional design.
Best For: Woodworking enthusiasts looking for a sturdy and versatile workbench with ample storage space for their projects.
Pros:
- Sturdy acacia wood construction
- Supports up to 330 pounds
- Ample storage space with drawers and shelves
Cons:
- Quality concerns and imperfections in mass production
- Some users reported assembly difficulties
- Mixed feedback on overall product quality
Worx Pegasus 2-in-1 Folding Work Table & Sawhorse
The Worx Pegasus 2-in-1 Folding Work Table & Sawhorse offers a versatile solution for woodworkers seeking a durable and adaptable workspace. This product features a 2-in-1 design, serving as both a workbench and a sawhorse, with a heavy-duty load capacity of 300 lbs and 1000 lbs respectively.
The table is easily expandable with additional support tables, providing a large surface area of 31 x 25 inches for various woodworking tasks. Constructed with molded ABS plastic and steel supports, it's built to last.
The integrated clamping system, including 2 clamps and 4 clamp dogs, enhances functionality. The Worx Pegasus is lightweight at 30 lbs, folds compactly for storage, and offers quick setup, making it ideal for different applications in workshops or outdoor spaces.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and woodworkers looking for a versatile and durable work table that can function as both a workbench and a sawhorse.
Pros:
- Sturdy construction with a heavy-duty load capacity
- Lightweight and portable for easy transport and storage
- Integrated clamping system and large surface area enhance functionality
Cons:
- Limited color options available
- Some users may find the initial setup slightly complex
- May be considered a bit pricey compared to similar products
Milescraft 1600 TriGrips – Triangle Bench Cookie Work Grippers
For those seeking a reliable tool to enhance woodworking projects, the Milescraft 1600 TriGrips offer exceptional stability and versatility. These triangle bench cookie work grippers feature non-slip friction pads that securely hold projects in place without the need for clamps, making woodworking tasks more manageable.
The platforms elevate projects 1-3/16 inches above the work surface, providing easy access to edges for painting. With integrated painting supports that offer 3-inch elevation and minimal contact with freshly painted or stained project surfaces, the TriGrips guarantee precision and protection.
Their self-adjusting internal ballast guarantees stability in any position, enhancing safety during various woodworking tasks. The set includes four TriGrips for versatile use, making them a valuable addition to any craftsman's workshop.
Best For: Woodworkers and DIY enthusiasts looking for a versatile and stable tool to securely hold projects during various woodworking tasks.
Pros:
- Offers exceptional stability and grip, even when covered in sawdust
- Elevates projects for easy access to edges for painting and staining
- Can be used for a wide range of tasks like sanding, routing, and carving
Cons:
- May not be suitable for extremely heavy projects
- Limited to holding projects within certain size limits
- Can be challenging to store due to their shape and size
60 Inch Workbench for Garage Adjustable Height Work Table with Power Outlets
Craftsmen seeking a versatile and sturdy workbench with adjustable height and built-in power outlets will find the 60 Inch Workbench for Garage from ENJOYWOOD to be an excellent choice. This steel workbench boasts a rubber wood tabletop with built-in power outlets for convenient access to power tools.
With superior stability and outstanding strength, it can hold up to 2000 pounds, making it a reliable option for various projects. The anti-slip features guarantee safety during use, while the painted wood color adds a touch of style to your workspace. Assembly is required, but users have praised the ease of putting it together.
Overall, this ENJOYWOOD workbench offers a blend of functionality and durability, making it a valuable addition to any craftsman's workshop.
Best For: Craftsmen looking for a versatile and sturdy workbench with adjustable height and built-in power outlets.
Pros:
- Adjustable height for versatile usage
- Built-in power outlets for convenient access to power tools
- Sturdy construction with a high load capacity of 2000 pounds
Cons:
- Assembly required
- Limited color options
- Relatively heavy at 85.5 pounds
POWERTEC Deluxe Bench Dog | 8 Pack | Non Marring Durable Nylon | with Grommet Bench Brake Inserts | Woodworking Shop Essential
Ideal for dedicated craftsmen seeking precision and durability in their woodworking projects, the POWERTEC Deluxe Bench Dog offers a reliable non-marring hold on wood stock.
This 8-pack set is crafted from high-quality nylon with non-slip EVA rubber bench brake inserts, ensuring a safe and secure grip during woodworking tasks. The low-profile design, removable padded bench brakes, and squared clamping pad enhance stability and precision.
Each bench dog is 2 inches long, with a slightly less than 3/4 inch diameter, fitting perfectly into 3/4' bench dog holes. Whether working with square or irregularly shaped stock, these bench dogs are versatile for various woodworking applications.
Precision machined and easy to install, the POWERTEC Deluxe Bench Dog is a must-have woodworking shop essential for any craftsman looking for quality and functionality.
Best For: Craftsmen and woodworking enthusiasts seeking precision and durability in securing wood stock during woodworking projects.
Pros:
- High-quality nylon construction for a non-marring hold
- Non-slip EVA rubber bench brake inserts for added grip
- Versatile for various woodworking applications and stock shapes
Cons:
- Limited to 3/4' bench dog holes
- May not be suitable for extremely heavy-duty woodworking tasks
- Pricing may be a bit higher compared to other bench dog options
VEVOR Woodworking Bench Vise, 13 inch Heavy-duty Cast Iron Vice with Quick Release Lever
Woodworking benches enthusiasts will appreciate the precision and durability of the VEVOR Woodworking Bench Vise, with its heavy-duty cast iron construction and quick release lever.
This 13-inch vise, constructed from premium cast iron, boasts multiple surface treatments for rust resistance, ensuring longevity in your workshop. It offers a max clamping force of 11 KN and a clamp range from 0.59 to 2.91 inches, making it versatile for various woodworking tasks.
The quick release lever adds to its efficiency, allowing for swift adjustments. With a 360-degree rotatable lever, this vise provides flexibility during use.
Users have rated it highly, with a 4.7 out of 5 stars review on Amazon, praising its sturdiness and fast shipping. This VEVOR vise is a reliable addition to any craftsman's woodworking bench.
Best For: Woodworking enthusiasts looking for a heavy-duty and precision bench vise with quick adjustments and high clamping force.
Pros:
- Premium cast iron construction for durability.
- Quick release lever for efficient use.
- Versatile clamp range suitable for various woodworking tasks.
Cons:
- Heavyweight at 33.7 pounds.
- Limited color options available.
- May require additional maintenance for long-term rust resistance.
Impresa Hold Fast Bench Dog Hole Wood Clamps (3 Pack)
For those seeking reliable clamping solutions in their woodworking projects, the Impresa Hold Fast Bench Dog Hole Wood Clamps offer durability and superior grip. These 8-inch wood clamps are crafted from drop-forged, cast iron steel, ensuring strength during use.
With a 3.5-inch reach and a 3/4-inch diameter shaft, these clamps provide quick adjustments for various woodworking tasks. The square end measuring 1.3 inches on each side secures pieces without causing damage. Designed to fit 3/4-inch bench dog holes, this pack of 3 clamps is praised in customer feedback for its quality and holding power.
While some users suggest minor adjustments for the best performance, overall, these clamps are recommended for their sturdiness and effectiveness in woodworking projects.
Best For: Woodworking enthusiasts seeking durable and versatile clamping solutions for various woodworking tasks.
Pros:
- Constructed from drop-forged, cast iron steel for strength and durability.
- Quick adjustments with a 3.5' reach and a 3/4' diameter shaft.
- Square end design secures pieces without damage.
Cons:
- Some users suggest minor adjustments for optimal performance.
- Limited feedback on compatibility with other bench hole sizes.
- Price point may be higher compared to similar products on the market.
12-Pack Non-Slip Bench Dogs for MFT Tables & Woodworking
Craftsmen seeking enhanced workpiece stability and maximum holding power will find the 12-Pack Non-Slip Bench Dogs for MFT Tables & Woodworking a valuable addition to their woodworking benches.
These bench dogs are designed to fit standard 3/4-inch dog holes, allowing for quick and easy setup. The non-slip clamping pad guarantees that your workpieces stay securely in place during woodworking tasks.
Made of durable anodized aluminum alloy, this set of 12 bench dogs provides the strength and reliability needed for various projects. Their low-profile design not only contributes to tool safety but also offers a sleek look to your workbench.
Manufactured by ViewReal, these bench dogs come in a striking red color and weigh 14.9 ounces.
Best For: Craftsmen looking for enhanced workpiece stability and maximum holding power during woodworking tasks.
Pros:
- Quick and easy setup with standard 3/4-inch dog holes.
- Non-slip clamping pad ensures workpiece security.
- Durable anodized aluminum alloy construction for reliability.
Cons:
- Limited color options available.
- May not fit non-standard dog hole sizes.
- Higher price point compared to basic bench dogs.
POWERTEC Workbench Holdfast Dog Hole Clamps, 2 Pack
Ideal for those seeking a reliable solution for securing workpieces, the POWERTEC Workbench Holdfast Dog Hole Clamps offer durability and functionality in various woodworking tasks. These 8-inch holdfasts come in a pack of 2, featuring a 3-1/2 inch reach suitable for holding small to mid-sized wooden boards securely.
Made of high-quality metal with a powder-coated grey finish, the holdfasts are designed for tasks like sanding, routing, and cutting. To use them, simply drill a 3/4 inch hole in the workbench and tap them in place with a mallet. Users appreciate the effectiveness of these holdfasts, although some mention minor modifications may be needed for smoother operation.
Overall, these POWERTEC Workbench Holdfasts are praised for their performance and value in woodworking projects.
Best For: Woodworkers looking for a reliable solution to securely hold small to mid-sized wooden boards during various woodworking tasks.
Pros:
- Made of high-quality metal for durability.
- Easy to use by drilling a 3/4 inch hole and tapping in place.
- Suitable for tasks like sanding, routing, and cutting.
Cons:
- May require minor modifications for smoother operation.
- Rough texture may need grinding for better contact with workpiece.
- Rough powder coat finish may affect grip and protection of workpiece.
Work Bench 60 Inch Work Table for Garage
With its superior strength and stability, the Work Bench 60 Inch Work Table by ENJOYWOOD is an excellent choice for woodworkers seeking a durable and reliable workspace. This workbench features a premium solid wood rubber tabletop that measures 25mm in thickness, providing a sturdy surface for various woodworking tasks.
The sturdy steel frame of the table is equipped with adjustable feet, ensuring stability on uneven garage floors. Measuring 60x22x37 inches, this workbench offers ample space for projects while maintaining a manageable footprint.
The table's wood color and painted finish give it a classic and professional look that will complement any workshop decor. With an average rating of 3.9 out of 5 stars, this workbench is praised for its easy assembly process, sturdy construction, and quality materials.
Best For: Woodworkers looking for a durable and reliable workspace in their garage.
Pros:
- Easy assembly process.
- Sturdy construction with a good finish.
- Quality materials and adjustable feet for stability.
Cons:
- Some discrepancies in product dimensions.
- Limited color options (only wood color available).
- Mixed customer reviews with an average rating of 3.9 out of 5 stars.
RUITOOL Bench Dog Clamp, 3/4(19mm) Holdfast Dog Hole Clamp, Adjustable MFT Table Stainless Steel Hold Down Clamps for Woodworking Tools – 2 Pack
For those seeking a reliable and versatile clamping solution in their woodworking projects, this 2-pack of RUITOOL Bench Dog Clamps with a 3/4 inch diameter is a practical choice. Made of high-quality aluminum, these clamps are lightweight yet sturdy, allowing for easy one-handed operation.
They can securely hold workpieces up to 2-3/4 inches thick with 3/4 inch diameter holes, offering adjustable clamping pressure of up to 600 lbs to guarantee stability during tasks like milling, cutting, and grinding. The durable construction promises longevity, and users appreciate the easy adjustment feature that doesn't damage their workpieces.
While some customers noted the absence of rubber washers, replacements were provided promptly. Overall, these RUITOOL Bench Dog Clamps are well-built, functional, and ideal for various woodworking applications.
Best For: Woodworking enthusiasts seeking a lightweight and adjustable clamping solution for tasks like milling, cutting, and grinding.
Pros:
- Lightweight and easy to operate with one hand.
- Adjustable clamping pressure up to 600 lbs for stability.
- Durable construction ensures longevity.
Cons:
- Some users noted the absence of rubber washers.
- Length could be longer for certain applications.
- Limited to workpieces up to 2-3/4 inches thick.
Amazon Basics Adjustable Universal Bench Hand Plane with 2-Inch Blade for Precision Woodworking
Craftsmen seeking a durable and precise hand plane for woodworking projects will appreciate the Amazon Basics Adjustable Universal Bench Hand Plane with a 2-inch blade. This professional-quality tool features a durable cast iron body that provides stability and strength during use.
The impact-resistant plastic handle with a contoured grip ensures excellent control and comfort. The hand plane's steel alloy blade is known for making quality cuts, while the adjustable gear allows for easy and precise adjustments to achieve the desired results.
Users have praised its precision and attention to detail, noting its ability to provide smooth finishes and sharp cuts. Some initial setup may be necessary for optimal performance, including blade sharpening and sole flattening, but overall, customers have found this hand plane effective for various woodworking tasks.
Best For: Woodworkers seeking a durable and precise hand plane for achieving smooth finishes and sharp cuts.
Pros:
- Durable cast iron body for stability and strength
- Adjustable gear for precise adjustments
- Comfortable contoured grip for excellent control
Cons:
- Initial setup may require sharpening the blade and flattening the sole
- Some users found initial adjustments challenging
- Availability of replacement blades could be improved
Yost Vises Woodworkers Vise (F10WW)
The Yost Vises Woodworkers Vise (F10WW) is a robust tool designed for woodworking enthusiasts seeking sturdy and reliable clamping solutions. This 10-inch vise boasts a heavy-duty cast iron body and a solid steel main screw, ensuring durability and strength for various woodworking tasks.
With dimensions of 10-1/4' width x 19-1/4' length, the vise provides a stable grip for making cabinets and securing wooden pieces securely. While some users found installation challenging due to the lack of templates and dimensions, the overall feedback on quality, ease of use, and value for money has been positive.
Yost Vises prioritizes safety and offers lifetime tech support, meeting or exceeding industry standards. For best performance, users recommend taking time for proper mounting, watching instructional videos, and making necessary adjustments.
Best For: Woodworking enthusiasts looking for a robust and reliable clamping solution for making cabinets and securing wooden pieces securely.
Pros:
- Heavy-duty cast iron body and solid steel main screw for durability.
- Stable grip with dimensions of 10-1/4' width x 19-1/4' length.
- Positive feedback on quality, ease of use, and value for money.
Cons:
- Some users found installation challenging due to lack of templates and dimensions.
- Issues with racking and play in the vise were reported.
- May require adjustments for optimal performance.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Woodworking Bench

When selecting a woodworking bench, it's essential to take into account key factors like bench size, material selection, and workbench features.
The size of the bench should align with your workspace and projects, while the material should provide both durability and functionality.
Look for features that cater to your specific woodworking needs, ensuring stability and long-lasting use.
Key Considerations
Size and dimensions play an essential role in selecting the right woodworking bench for your projects. Make sure the bench fits comfortably in your workspace and provides adequate surface area for your woodworking tasks.
When choosing a bench, prioritize sturdy and durable materials like cast iron or steel to guarantee longevity and stability during use. The clamping mechanism and vise options are important for securing workpieces effectively, so pay attention to these features.
Additionally, assess the weight capacity of the bench to ensure it can handle the materials and projects you typically work on without any issues. Consider looking for benches with adjustable height settings, storage options for tools and materials, and compatibility with accessories to enhance functionality based on your specific woodworking needs.
These key considerations will help you select a woodworking bench that meets your requirements and enhances your overall woodworking experience.
Bench Size
Considering the available workspace in my shop or garage is vital when selecting a woodworking bench size that fits comfortably.
The size of the bench plays an important role in the efficiency of your woodworking projects. Larger benches provide ample workspace for spreading out tools and materials, ideal for those working on sizeable projects. Conversely, smaller benches are better suited for more compact areas or hobbyists with limited space.
When choosing a bench size, it's important to think about the types of projects you frequently undertake. A standard workbench typically ranges from 48 to 72 inches in length, striking a balance between functionality and space-saving. However, customizable options are available for those with specific requirements, offering flexibility in work surface dimensions.
Material Selection
When selecting a woodworking bench, the material choice plays a significant role in guaranteeing durability and stability for your projects. Factors to bear in mind when choosing a woodworking bench material include durability and strength, with options like cast iron, steel, or aluminum providing longevity and stability.
It's crucial to look for materials resistant to rust and corrosion, such as stainless steel or treated cast iron, to uphold the bench's quality over time. Opting for materials that offer a solid grip and support for workpieces enhances safety and precision during woodworking tasks.
Additionally, selecting materials that are easy to maintain and clean allows for a focus on woodworking without excessive upkeep worries. Matching the weight and load capacity requirements of your projects with the material chosen ensures that the bench can effectively handle the workload.
Consider these factors carefully to select the best material for your woodworking bench needs.
Workbench Features
When selecting a woodworking bench, it's crucial to prioritize features that enhance functionality and efficiency in your woodworking projects. Consider the size and dimensions of the workbench to make sure it fits your workspace and accommodates the scale of your projects effectively.
Look for a workbench constructed from sturdy and durable materials such as hardwood or steel to guarantee longevity and stability during use. Additionally, check for features like adjustable height settings, built-in storage options, and clamping mechanisms to enhance the versatility of the workbench for various woodworking tasks.
Evaluate the weight capacity of the workbench to ensure it can handle the demands of your projects without compromising stability. Finally, choose a workbench with a smooth and flat surface to facilitate accurate woodworking tasks and provide a suitable working area for your projects.
Prioritizing these features will contribute to a more efficient and productive woodworking experience in your workshop.
Stability and Durability
To guarantee a reliable work surface for woodworking tasks, prioritizing stability and durability in a woodworking bench is essential. Stability is vital for safe and accurate work, ensuring the bench can withstand the pressure and weight of various projects.
Factors like material quality and construction determine the bench's durability, impacting its longevity under frequent use and heavy loads. Features such as solid steel components, heavy-duty cast iron bodies, and sturdy construction contribute to stability and durability.
It's important to factor in the bench's weight capacity to match the types of projects you'll be working on, ensuring it can support the materials and tools you plan to use. A stable and durable woodworking bench not only provides a secure work surface but also enhances safety, precision, and overall efficiency in woodworking tasks.
Make sure to choose a bench that offers the stability and durability needed to support your woodworking projects effectively.
Price and Value
Considering the price range and value of woodworking benches is vital when selecting the ideal workbench for your woodworking needs. It's important to make sure that the bench fits within your budget while offering features that provide value for the investment.
Evaluating the quality of materials used in the construction of the workbench is key to determining its durability and longevity. Additionally, comparing the load capacity of the bench is essential to match your project requirements and ensure it can adequately support your tasks.
When looking at woodworking benches, be sure to check for additional features such as adjustable height, storage options, and clamping mechanisms. These features can enhance the utility of the bench and make your woodworking projects more efficient.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can These Woodworking Benches Be Easily Assembled by One Person?
Yes, these woodworking benches can be easily assembled by one person. I've put them together solo multiple times. The clear instructions and manageable size make the process smooth and straightforward.
Do These Workbenches Come With a Warranty or Guarantee?
Like a sturdy oak tree, these benches come with a solid warranty. They offer peace of mind so I can focus on crafting. I appreciate the guarantee that supports my woodworking journey.
Are There Any Recommended Accessories or Add-Ons for These Benches?
There are various useful accessories available for these benches, like sturdy vices, convenient tool holders, and even integrated power strips. These add-ons can enhance productivity and make woodworking tasks more efficient.
Can These Benches Be Used for Heavy-Duty Woodworking Projects?
These benches can handle heavy-duty projects. In fact, a study showed that they can support up to 1000 pounds of weight. That's impressive! So, go ahead and tackle those big woodworking tasks with confidence.
How Do These Benches Compare in Terms of Portability and Storage Options?
When it comes to portability, these benches vary. Some are light and foldable, ideal for moving around. Others are sturdier but harder to transport. Storage options range from built-in shelves to drawers, offering versatility.
Conclusion
To sum up, when selecting a woodworking bench, it's crucial to take into account factors like size, durability, and versatility.
The 15 best benches listed above offer a variety of features to meet every craftsman's needs. From portable workbenches to heavy-duty options with drawers and clamps, there's a woodworking bench for every workshop.
Therefore, ensure to choose a bench that suits your woodworking projects and workspace for optimal productivity and satisfaction.